Much is used with singular(uncountable) nouns; many isused with plurals.
I haven’t got much time.
I don’t know many of yourfriends.
I don’t know many of yourfriends.
much/many + noun: without of
We do not generally use of aftermuch/many when there is noother determiner (e.g. article orpossessive).
She didn’t eat much breakfast. (NOT … much of breakfast.)
There aren’t many large glassesleft. (NOT … many of largeglasses left.)
There aren’t many large glassesleft. (NOT … many of largeglasses left.)
However, much of is useddirectly before personal andgeographical names.
I’ve seen too much of Howardrecently.
Not much of Denmark is hilly.
Not much of Denmark is hilly.
much/many of + determiner + noun
Before determiners (e.g. a, the, my, this) and pronouns, we usemuch of and many of.
You can’t see much of a countryin a week.
How much of the house do youwant to paint this year?
I won’t pass the exam: I’vemissed too many of my lessons.
How many of you are there?
How much of the house do youwant to paint this year?
I won’t pass the exam: I’vemissed too many of my lessons.
How many of you are there?
much/many without a noun
We can drop a noun after muchor many, if the meaning is clear.
You haven’t eaten much.
Did you find any mushrooms? ~Not many.
Did you find any mushrooms? ~Not many.
Note that much and many areonly used like this when a nounhas been dropped.
There wasn’t much (food). BUTNOT The food wasn’t much.(Because you couldn’t say Thefood wasn’t much food.)
Many is not usually used aloneto mean ‘many people’.
Many people think it’s time for achange. (More natural thanMany think …)
not used in affirmative clauses
In an informal style, we usemuch and many mostly inquestions and negative clauses. In most affirmative clauses theyare unusual (especially much); other words and expressions areused instead.
How much money have you got?~ I’ve got plenty. (NOT I’ve gotmuch.)
He’s got lots of men friends, buthe doesn’t know many women. (More natural than He’s gotmany men friends …)
He’s got lots of men friends, buthe doesn’t know many women. (More natural than He’s gotmany men friends …)
Did you buy any clothes? ~ Yes, lots. (NOT Yes, many.)
In a formal style, much andmany are more common inaffirmative clauses.
Much has been written aboutunemployment. In the opinion ofmany economists, …
Far and long (= a long time) arealso used mostly in questionsand negative clauses.
after so, as, and too
So much/many, as much/manyand too much/many are quitenatural in affirmative clauses.
There was so much traffic that ittook me an hour to get home.
I play as much tennis as I can.
You make too many mistakes.
I play as much tennis as I can.
You make too many mistakes.
much as adverb
We can use much as an adverbin questions and negativeclauses.
Do you work much at weekends?
I don’t travel much these days.
I don’t travel much these days.
We can also use much beforecomparative adjectives andadverbs, in affirmative clausesas well as questions andnegatives.
She’s much older than herbrother.
I don’t drive much faster thanyou.
I don’t drive much faster thanyou.
Much can be used before someverbs expressing enjoyment, preference and similar ideas, inaffirmative clauses as well asquestions and negatives, especially in a formal style.
I much appreciate your help.
We much prefer the country tothe town.
I didn’t much enjoy the concert.
We much prefer the country tothe town.
I didn’t much enjoy the concert.
Very much can be used inaffirmative clauses as anadverb, but not usually before anoun. Compare:
I very much like your newhairstyle. (adverb)
Thank you very much. (adverb)
There’s a whole lot of watercoming under the door. (beforenoun)
(NOT There’s very much water coming)
Thank you very much. (adverb)
There’s a whole lot of watercoming under the door. (beforenoun)
(NOT There’s very much water coming)
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